SCDL Research Methodology

	Research Methodology
	unit 1:- understanding research
1	definition and meaning of research	2
2	arbitrary method	2
3	scientific method	2
4	encyclopedia of social science	3
5	clover and balsle	3
6	Young	3
7	webster's Twentieth Century Dictionary	3
8	Random House Dictionary of the English Language	3
9	John W.Best	3
10	meaning of research	4
11	systematic approach	4
12	objectivity	5
13	reproducible research	5
14	relevance	5
15	control	5
16	characteristics of research	6
17	objective of research	6
18	motivation in research	7
19	types of research	9
20	pure research	9
21	applied research	9
22	descriptive research	9
23	exploratory research	9
24	action research	9
25	diagnostic study	9
26	diagnostic study	9
27	evaluation study	9
28	experimental research	9
29	historical research	9
30	survey	9
31	exploratory research	10
32	conclusive research	10
33	pure, fundamental or theoretical research	10
34	applied research	11
35	exploratory research	11
36	need for exploratory research	12
37	advantages	13
38	disadvantages	13
39	case study approach	14
40	conclusive research	14
41	descriptive research	14
42	applications of descriptive approach	15
43	objective of descriptive approach	15
44	diagnostic study	16
45	evaluation study	16
46	action research	17
47	experimental approach	17
48	types of experimental design	17
49	after only design	17
50	one group before-after design	18
51	before-after design with control group	18
52	use of experimental design	18
53	research in decision making	19
54	role of research in various areas	20
55	financial management	20
56	production management	20
57	banking	21
58	government	21
59	human resource management	21
60	marketing management	21
61	research in natural or physical stores	22
62	research in social sciences	22
63	importance of social research to personnel management	23
64	personnel management	23
65	human resource development	23
66	Edward flippo	23
67	limitations of research	24
68	what constitutes a good research	24
69	systematic	25
70	logic	25
71	empirical	25
72	replicable	25
73	good researcher's qualities	26
74	method of approach	26
75	knowledge	26
76	qualification and attitudes	26
77	personal qualities	26
78	group 1	27
	unit 2:- Scientific method and research
1	scientific methods	32
2	Good and Hatt	33
3	definitions of scientific method	33
4	Karl Pearson	33
5	George A. Lundberg	33
6	L.L Bernard	33
7	Encyclopedia Britannica	34
8	characteristics of scientific method	35
9	basis of scientific method	36
10	reliance on evidence	36
11	definite problem to solve	36
12	verifiability	36
13	generality	36
14	predictability	36
15	objectivity	37
16	system	37
17	scientific methods and scientific research	38
18	components of scientific approach	38
19	procedural component	38
20	observation	39
21	formulation	39
22	verification	39
23	personnel component	39
24	bias and prejudice in scientific research	40
25	incomplete observation	41
26	inaccurate observation	41
	unit 3:- Formulating research Problem and Hypothesis
1	unit of analysis	46
2	time and space boundaries	46
3	characteristics under stud	46
4	research process/planning process	46
5	primary stage	47
6	observation	47
7	interest	49
8	crystallization	49
9	formulating a research problem	49
10	primary synopsis	49
11	conceptual clarity	50
12	documentation	50
13	personal documents	50
14	company documents	50
15	consultants report and published materials	50
16	public documents	50
17	literature survey	51
18	secondary stage	51
19	research project planning	51
20	research project formulation	52
21	data collection	52
22	classification and tabulation	53
23	data analysis	53
24	univariate analysis	53
25	bivariate analysis	53
26	multicariate analysis	53
27	analysis and interpretation	54
28	testing of a hypothesis	54
29	interpretation of result	54
30	final stage	54
31	conclusions and recommendations	54
32	report witting	54
33	research problem need for defining	55
34	human considerations	55
35	economic consideration	55
36	time consideration	55
37	technical consideration	55
38	environmental consideration	56
39	prerequisites for formulating research problem	56
40	expensive study	56
41	well acquaintance with relevant theories	56
42	help from experts	56
43	clarity	56
44	source	56
45	selection of the research problem	56
46	reading	57
47	experience, academic	57
48	experience day to day	57
49	consultation	57
50	final exposure	57
51	brain storming	58
52	infusion	58
53	research	58
54	points to fonder on research problem	58
55	units of analysis	59
56	decision making unit -DMU	59
57	time and space coordination	61
58	all units or specific units	62
59	characteristics of interest	63
60	characteristics of interest versus unit of analysis	63
61	environmental conditions	65
62	formulation of a research problem and hypothesis testing	66
63	originating question	66
64	rational behind	66
65	specific question	66
66	importance of formulation	67
67	formulating hypothesis	67
	unit 4:- Hypothesis Testing
1	hypothesis :definition and meaning	72
2	definition of hypothesis	72
3	Goode and Hatt	73
4	Rummel and Balline	73
5	Webster Dictionary	73
6	Mill	73
7	Goode W.G and Hatt.P.K	73
8	Coffey	73
9	Cohen M and Negel E	73
10	William H George	74
11	Role of hypothesis	75
12	Goode and Hatt	76
13	sources of hypothesis	77
14	analogy	78
15	general culture	79
16	individual experience	79
17	scientific theories	79
18	kinds of hypothesis	79
19	level of abstraction	79
20	exploratory or descriptive hypothesis	80
21	tentative hypothesis	80
22	representative fictions	80
23	characteristics of hypothesis	81
24	formulation of hypothesis	83
25	importance of hypothesis	85
26	helpful in enquiry	86
27	selection of relevant factors	86
28	direction	86
29	helps in drawing conclusions	86
30	difficulties in formulating of hypothesis	86
31	lack of knowledge of scientific method	87
32	lack of clear theoretical background	87
33	lack of logical background	87
34	means to overcome difficulties	87
35	testing of hypothesis	87
36	steps in testing hypothesis	88
37	statistical hypothesis of significance	89
38	prepare a hypothesis	89
39	null hypothesis	90
40	alternative hypothesis	90
41	choose a suitable significance level	90
42	decide test criterion	90
43	carry calculations	91
44	decision	91
45	types of errors in testing of hypothesis	91
46	limitations of tests of significance	91
47	test of significance should not be used mechanically	91
48	conclusions are to be given in terms of probabilities and not certainties	92
49	tests do not tell us why the difference exists	92
	unit 5:- Research Design
1	Meaning and definition of research design	96
2	Cook, Dentish and Jahoda	96
3	E.A.Schulan	96
4	Russel Ackoff	97
5	P.V.Young	97
6	meaning of research design	97
7	according to Cook Jahoda	97
8	selection of research problem	97
9	presentation of problem	97
10	formulation of hypothesis	97
11	conceptual clarity	97
12	methodology	97
13	literature survey and bibliography	98
14	data collection	98
15	hypothesis testing	98
16	result interpretation	98
17	report writing	98
18	relation between problem formulation and research design	98
19	selection of problem	99
20	factors affecting research design	99
21	time and money: determinants of design	100
22	advantages of research design	101
23	steps in research design	101
24	problem	101
25	objective of study	101
26	nature of study	101
27	sources of data	101
28	techniques of data collection	102
29	social cultural context	102
30	geographical limit	102
31	basis of selection	102
32	limitations and scope of study	102
33	contents of research design	102
34	research study	102
35	hypothesis	102
36	data collection	102
37	universe and sample	103
38	data analysis	103
39	report-writing	103
40	good research design	103
41	various types of research design	104
42	different research design	105
43	exploratory/ formulative research	105
44	conclusive research	105
45	case study	105
46	statistical study	105
47	vague problem	105
48	exploratory research	106
49	hypothesis	106
50	conclusive research decision	106
51	new ideas	106
52	research design for exploratory or formulative studies	106
53	design for exploratory or formulative studies	106
54	research design for conclusive studies	107
55	case stud method	107
56	statistical method	107
57	design for descriptive and diagnostic studies	107
58	anthropological	107
59	research design for experimental studies	110
60	informal experimental design	110
61	after only design	110
62	after only with control design	111
63	before and after with out control design	111
64	before and after with control design	111
65	formal design	111
66	completely randomized design	111
67	randomized block design	111
68	Latin square design	111
69	factorial design	111
70	experimental study design	111
71	experiment	112
72	analysis	113
73	outline of experiment	113
74	experiment	113
75	designs	114
76	analysis	114
77	basic principles of experimentation	114
78	randomization	114
79	replication	114
80	local control	114
81	advantages of planning experiments	114
	unit 6:- data collection and measurement
1	meaning and importance of data	120
2	sources of data	121
3	documentary sources	121
4	field source	121
5	primary source	121
6	secondary source	122
7	data sources	122
8	primary sources	122
9	observation	122
10	interview	122
11	mailed questionnaire	122
12	secondary sources	123
13	internal sources	123
14	external sources	123
15	private documents or personal documents	123
16	advantages of secondary data	123
17	disadvantages of secondary data	124
18	characteristics for evaluating secondary data	124
19	data relation	124
20	quality	124
21	reliability	124
22	orginality	125
23	completeness	125
24	unbiasness	125
25	choosing the method of data collection	126
26	type of information method	126
27	nature of research study	126
28	unit of enquiry	126
29	education	127
30	skilled and trained person	127
31	sample size	127
32	methods of collection of primary data	127
33	observation	127
34	questionnaire and schedules	127
35	experimentation	127
36	simulation	127
37	interview	127
38	projective technique	127
39	questionnaires classification	129
40	structured questionnaire	129
41	non-structured questionnaire	129
42	coded questionnaire	129
43	un-codified questionnaire	129
44	personal data	129
45	consumption pattern	129
46	consumer product market	129
47	industrial product market	129
48	general information	129
49	essential features of questionnaire	130
50	types of questions should be avoided	131
51	pilot studies and pre-tests	131
52	mailed questionnaire method	132
53	telephone interview	132
54	experimentation	132
55	simulation	133
56	interview	133
57	projective technique	134
58	methods of collection of secondary data	136
59	internal sources	136
60	external sources	136
61	personal sources	136
62	autobiographies	136
63	diaries	136
64	letters memos	137
65	public sources	137
66	unpublished	137
67	published	137
68	advantages of secondary data	137
69	disadvantages of secondary data	138
70	scrutiny of secondary data	138
71	data relation	138
72	quality	139
73	reliability	139
74	originality	139
75	accuracy	139
76	completeness	139
77	unbiasness	139
78	merits and demerits of different methods of collecting primary data	139
79	comparison of principal methods of data collection	140
80	personal interview with questionnaire	140
81	mailed questionnaire advantages	140
82	telephone interview	140
83	preferred data collection method	141
	unit 7:- Sampling and sampling Techniques
1	population and sample	146
2	sampling	146
3	definition of sampling	148
4	Biogrdus	148
5	Mildred Parton	148
6	P.V Young	148
7	Fank Yates	148
8	Goods and Hatt	148
9	Paul L Erdos and arthur J Morgon	148
10	Blalock and Blalock	148
11	Ya-Lun-chou	148
12	variables and attributes	149
13	continuous and discrete variables	149
14	collection of statistical data	150
15	primary data	150
16	secondary data	150
17	procedures for collection data	150
18	census survey	150
19	sample survey	151
20	advantages of sampling over senses	151
21	less expensive	151
22	less time consuming	151
23	greater accuracy	152
24	destructive enumeration	152
25	sampling	153
26	basic principles	153
27	law of statistics regularity	153
28	law of inertia of large numbers	153
29	implication of sampling	153
30	main characteristics of sampling technique	153
31	economy	153
32	intensive and elaborate study	153
33	reliability	153
34	scientific nature	154
35	suitability	154
36	reliability of sampling	154
37	size of the sample	154
38	homogeneity of the samples	154
39	representativeness of the sample	154
40	similar sample	154
41	importance of sampling	155
42	concentrated stud of selected items	155
43	representative units studied	155
44	large area	155
45	scrutiny of available information	155
46	sufficiency of results	155
47	collecting of the information	155
48	assumptions of sampling	155
49	accuracy	156
50	homogeneity	156
51	representative selection	156
52	advantages and disadvantages of sampling	156
53	accuracy	156
54	administrative suitability	156
55	advantage over census	156
56	less cost	157
57	saving in time	157
58	disadvantages	157
59	what makes a good sample	158
60	representative	158
61	accuracy	158
62	precision	158
63	sample size	158
64	selection of sample	158
65	geographical	158
66	individual	159
67	social	159
68	structural	159
69	characteristics of a good unit	159
70	accessibility	159
71	clarity	159
72	source list	159
73	standardization	159
74	validity	159
75	reliability	159
76	suitability	159
77	exhaustiveness	160
78	sampling and non-sampling errors	160
79	sampling errors	160
80	non-sampling errors	160
81	sampling frame	161
82	perfect frame	161
83	incomplete frame	161
84	inaccurate frame	161
85	inadequate frame	161
86	methods of sampling and probability sampling	162
87	probability sampling	162
88	non-probability sampling	162
89	probability sampling	162
90	uses of probability sampling	162
91	merits of probability sampling	162
92	accuracy	162
93	formulation of determinable representative sampling plans	162
94	wide applied method	162
95	demerits of probability sampling methods	163
96	expensive	163
97	requirement of large sample	163
98	other difficulty	163
99	simple random sampling	163
100	stratified random sampling	163
101	systematic random sampling	163
102	multi-stage sampling	163
103	cluster sampling	163
104	simple random sampling	164
105	simple random sampling with replacement	164
106	simple random sampling without replacement	164
107	simple random sampling with replacement	164
108	selecting a random sample	164
109	finite population	164
110	infinite population	164
111	lottery method	165
112	tippet's numbers method	165
113	selection from sequential list	165
114	grid system of a random sampling	165
115	precautions in simple random sampling	166
116	advantages of simple random sampling	166
117	disadvantages of simple random sampling	166
118	stratified random sampling	167
119	proportionate and disproportionate stratified sampling	167
120	allocation of sample size in different strata	168
121	allocation	169
122	principles of stratified random sampling	171
123	homogeneity	171
124	advantages	171
125	disadvantages	171
126	systematic random sampling	171
127	multistage sampling	172
128	cluster sampling	173
129	cluster sampling process m	174
130	cluster identification	174
131	nature of clusters	174
132	determination of number of stages	175
133	single-stage sampling	175
134	two stage sampling	175
135	multi-stage sampling	175
136	principles of cluster sampling	176
137	sampling with varying probabilities	177
138	methods of sampling: non-probability sampling	177
139	methods of sampling	177
140	non-probability sampling	177
141	convenience sampling	178
142	purposive sampling or judgment, quota sampling	178
143	sampling design	181
144	type of population	181
145	sampling unit	182
146	type of sample	182
147	sample size	182
148	size of the sample	182
149	factors determining the size of the sample	183
150	nature of the stud	183
151	nature of population	183
152	questionnaire and schedule	183
153	types of sampling	183
154	practicability	183
155	parameter and statistic	184
156	parameter	185
157	statistic	185
158	the sample mean methods	185
159	the sample proportion method	186
160	other sampling methods	186
161	snow balling	186
162	advantages of snow balling	186
163	saturation sampling	187
164	spatial sampling	187
165	self selected sampling	187
166	sequential sampling	187
	unit 8:- Observation
1	definition of observation	194
2	oxford concise dictionary	195
3	meaning of observation	195
4	features of observation	196
5	Eye observation	196
6	Alm	196
7	Planning	196
8	Recording	196
9	physical and mental activity	197
10	purposive and selective	197
11	exactness	197
12	cause and effect relationships	197
13	direct study	197
14	importance of observation	197
15	observation a technique of data collection	198
16	Goode and Hatt	198
17	process of observation	198
18	sensation	198
19	attention or concentration	198
20	perception	198
21	types of observation	200
22	casual and scientific observation	200
23	natural and conceived observation	200
24	subjective and objective observation	201
25	direct and indirect observation	201
26	participant and non-participant observation	202
27	non-participate observation	203
28	merit of this method	203
29	structured observation and unstructured observation	203
30	controlled observation and non-uncontrolled conservation	203
31	controlled observation	204
32	advantages and disadvantages of observation	204
33	qualities of observation technique	206
34	instrumental aid in field of observation	206
35	limitation of observation	206
36	principle difficulties in observation	208
37	observation and inference	208
38	observer-caused effects	209
	unit 9:- The interview method
1	definition and meaning of interview	214
2	vivien palmar	214
3	W.I Goode and P.K Hatt	214
4	P.V Young	215
5	C.William B Mary	215
6	meaning of interview technique	215
7	objectives of interview	217
8	types of interview	217
9	according to formality	218
10	formal interview	218
11	information interview	218
12	according to number	218
13	personal interview	218
14	group interview	218
15	according to purpose	218
16	diagnostic interview	218
17	treatment interview	218
18	research interview	218
19	interview to fulfill curiosity	219
20	short contact interview	219
21	prolonged contact interview	219
22	qualitative interview	219
23	quantitative interview	219
24	mixed interview	219
25	non-directive interview or free or unstructured interview	219
26	focused interview	219
27	repeated interview	220
28	structured interview	220
29	unstructured interviews	220
30	focused interview	221
31	clinical interview	222
32	non-directive interview or free or unstructured interview	222
33	in-depth interview	222
34	problems in interview	223
35	advantages of the interview method	223
36	advantages	223
37	scoring and test devices	225
38	disadvantages	225
39	major limitations of the interview method	227
40	process of interview	228
41	introduction	229
42	object of the interview	229
43	interview	229
44	free atmosphere	229
45	help	229
46	research question	230
47	encouragement	230
48	direction	230
49	note-taking	230
50	concluding	230
51	report	231
52	pre-requisites of successful interview	231
53	study design	231
54	encouragement	231
55	friendly atmosphere	231
56	characteristics of interview	231
57	questions	231
58	pre-test	231
59	bias	231
60	objective	232
	unit 10:-The questionnaire method
1	meaning and purpose of a questionnaire	236
2	sociologists	236
3	purpose of a questionnaire	236
4	types of questionnaire	237
5	structured questionnaire	237
6	non-structured questionnaire	237
7	open-ended questionnaire	238
8	close ended questionnaire	238
9	mixed questionnaire	238
10	pictorial questionnaire	238
11	kinds of questionnaire items	239
12	information	239
13	background	239
14	subject	239
15	formulation of a questionnaire schedule	240
16	physical form of the questionnaire	242
17	choice of questions	243
18	wording of questions	243
19	guidelines for questionnaire items	244
20	sequence of questions	245
21	questionnaire-choice, wordings etc	245
22	wording questions	245
23	sequence of questions	246
24	advantages and disadvantages of questionnaire	246
25	advantages	246
26	less skill and training	246
27	economical	248
28	standardization	248
29	anonymity	248
30	less pressure	248
31	disadvantages	248
32	limited response	248
33	low return	249
34	lack of checking on replies	249
35	limited response	249
36	limited success	249
37	economical	249
38	lack of personal contact	250
39	possibility of wrong answers	250
40	illegibility	250
41	useless in depth problems	250
42	pre-testing questionnaire	250
43	model questionnaire	251
	unit 11:- The survey methd
1	definitions of social survey	262
2	Mark Abrams	262
3	E.W Burgess	262
4	Shelly M Harrison	262
5	Herman N Morse	263
6	C.A Moser	263
7	A F Wells	263
8	F L Whitney	263
9	P V Young	263
10	meaning of srvey	263
11	objects of survey	263
12	characteristics of social survey	264
13	types of survey	265
14	factual survey	265
15	opinion survey	265
16	interpretive survey	265
17	genreal survey	265
18	specific survey	265
19	reglar and ad-hoc surveys	266
20	prelimianry and fina; surveys	266
21	censys and sample surveys	266
22	official, semi-official or private survey
23	confidential or public surveu	266
24	telephone survey	267
25	personal interview survey	267
26	mail survey	267