SCDL Keywords-Business Law-BL

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	business law
sl no.	unit 1:- Indian contract Act-1872-Part-I	page no
1	contract	2
2	requirement of a contract	2
3	section 2(h)	2
4	two parties	2
5	an agreement	2
6	legal obligation	3
7	distinction between an agreement and contract	3
8	essential elements of valid contract	4
9	section 10	4
10	must be an agreement section 2(g), section 2(i)	5
11	parties to a must be competent- section 11	5
12	there should be an intention to create a legal relationship	5
13	free consent of parties-section 13, section 15, section 16, section 17, section 18, section 19	6
14	lawful consideration	6
15	lawful object	6
16	not declared void by law-section-26, section27, section28, section29, section30	6
17	compliance with legal formalities	6
18	certainty and possibility of performance	7
19	certainty of performance- section-29	7
20	possibility of performance -section 56	7
21	classification of contracts	8
22	types of basis of mode of formation or creation of contracts	9
23	express contracts-section 9	9
24	implied contracts	9
25	quasi contracts	9
26	types on basis of extend of execution or performance	10
27	executed contracts	10
28	executory contracts	10
29	partly executed and partly executory contract	10
30	unilateral contract	10
31	bilateral contract	10
32	types on the basis of forms of contract	11
33	formal contract	11
34	simple contract	11
35	types of contract on the basis of validity of enforceability	11
36	valid contracts	11
37	void contracts- section 2(j)	11
38	illegal or unlawful contracts	12
39	difference between illegal and void agreements	12
40	unenforceable contract	13
41	offer and acceptance	13
42	offer or proposal	13
43	proposal -section-2(a)	13
44	promise-section 2(b)types of proposals or offers	14
45	essentials or rules of a valid offer	15
46	definite offer	17
47	standing offer	18
48	lapse of an offer	19
49	acceptance	21
50	legal rules or essentials of a valid acceptance	21
51	provisions of contract regarding communication of offer(proposal ):acceptance and revocation	24
52	communication , acceptance and revocation of a proposal	24
53	completion of communication of a proposal, acceptance and revocation	24
54	communication of proposal	24
55	communication of acceptance	24
56	communication of a revocation	24
57	revocation of proposals and acceptance	25
58	revocation of a proposal how made	25
59	consideration	26
60	essential elements of a valid or lawful consideration	26
61	act to do something or abstinence or forbearance	27
62	may be past, present or future	27
63	past consideration	27
64	present consideration	27
65	future consideration	28
66	must be real and not illusory	28
67	legal impossibility	28
68	physical impossibility	28
69	uncertain consideration	28
70	illusory consideration	28
71	consideration should move at the desire of the promissory	29
72	consideration may move from an person including the promisee	29
73	consideration for supporting each independent promise, there must be an independent consideration	29
74	consideration need not be adequate	30
75	is something which the promissory is not already bound to do	30
76	must be valuable in the eyes of law	30
77	exception to the rule of no consideration , no contract	30
78	promise made an account of love and affection	31
79	promise for compensation of voluntary services	31
80	promise to pay any time barred debt	31
81	contract of agency	31
82	completed gifts	31
83	kinds of consideration	31
84	present or executed consideration	31
85	past consideration	31
86	future consideration	32
87	unlawful consideration	32
88	illusory or unreal consideration	32
89	capacity of parties	32
90	minors	33
91	agreement with minors	33
92	agreement with or by a minor is absolutely void	33
93	no ratification of minors contract	34
94	a minor can be a promisee	34
95	no restitution in agreement with a minor	34
96	minor's insolvency	34
97	no estoppels in the case of minor	35
98	minor as a partner	35
99	minor as a agent	35
100	person working as a surety for minor	35
101	liability of a minor for necessities	35
102	responsibility of parents or guardian s of a minor	35
103	liability of a minor for torts-civil wrong	35
104	persons of unsound mind	36
105	idiots	36
106	lunatic	37
107	drunkards	37
108	persons disqualifies from contracting by law	37
109	free consent	37
110	coercion	38
111	effect of coercion on a contract	39
112	undue influence	39
113	contract with paradanashin woman	41
114	important points of distinction between coercion and undue influence	41
115	fraud	42
116	does silence amount to fraud	42
117	essential elements of fraud	43
118	there must be false representatives	43
119	it must be done by the party of his agent	43
120	the representative must relate to a fact	43
121	the other party must have been attracted to act upon the representation leading to a fraud	43
122	the representation intentionally done to commit a fraud must have been done before the conclusion of the contract	43
123	the other party must have relied upon the representation intentionally done to commit a fraud and thereby must have been deceived	43
124	elements of fraud and remedies	44
125	misrepresentation	44
126	distinction between fraud and misrepresentation	45
127	mistake of law	46
128	mistake of law and mistake of fact	46
129	unilateral mistake	47
130	bilateral mistake	47
131	mistake as to the possibility of performance	47
132	mistake as to the subject matter	48
133	mistake regarding the existence of subject matter	48
134	mistake regarding identity of the subject matter	48
135	mistake regarding the quantity of the subject matter	48
136	mistake regarding the quality of the subject matter	48
137	mistake regarding the price of the subject matter	49
138	mistake regarding the title of the subject matter	49
	unit -2:-Indian contract Act-1872 -Part-II
1	legality of object and consideration	54
2	the object or consideration of an agreement is unlawful if it is forbidden by law	54
3	the object or consideration of an agreement is unlawful if it would defeat the provisions of law	55
4	fraudulent	55
5	implies injury to any person or property of someone	55
6	if the court regards a consideration or an object immoral such agreement is unlawful	55
7	when the court regards a consideration or an object of an agreement opposed to public policy, such agreement is unlawful	56
8	unlawful and illegal agreement	58
9	void agreements	58
10	contingent agreement	59
11	contingent agreement	59
12	meaning	60
13	rules	61
14	wagering agreement and difference between contingent agreement and a wagering agreement	62
15	wagering agreement	63
16	contingent contract	63
17	performance of contract	64
18	kinds of tender	65
19	conditions of valid tender	65
20	tender must be unconditional	66
21	tender must be an offer to perform in full	66
22	must be at proper place as well as at proper time	66
23	must be made to proper person	66
24	must be in proper form	67
25	made by person who is in position and is willing to perform the promise	67
26	if there are several joint promises, a tender may be made to any one of them	67
27	reasonable opportunity	67
28	effect of refusal of a arty to perform promise wholly	67
29	contract which need not be performed	67
30	who can demand performance	68
31	by whom must contract be performed	68
32	promiser	69
33	agent	69
34	legal representative	69
35	third person	69
36	joint promisors	69
37	any one of joint promises may be compelled to perform	70
38	each promisor may compel contribution	70
39	sharing of loss by default in contribution	70
40	effect of release of one of the joint promisors	71
41	devolution of joint rights	71
42	reciprocal promises and rules regarding their performances	71
43	mutual and independent promises	72
44	mutual and concurrent promises	72
45	conditional l and dependent promises	72
46	time and place of performance of contract	74
47	performance of promise within a reasonable time	74
48	performance of promise where time and place is specified	74
49	application of performance at proper time and place, that is, on a certain day and at a certain place	74
50	promisor to apply to the promise to appoint a place for performance of promise	74
51	manner or time by promisee to perform a promise	75
52	time of performance of contract	75
53	where time is the essence of the contract	75
54	when time is not the essence of the contract	75
55	appropriation of payments	75
56	appropriation by the debtor	76
57	appropriation by creditor	76
58	appropriation by law	76
59	rule regarding the payment of the interest and principle when both are due	76
60	assignment of contract	76
61	discharge of contract	77
62	discharge of contract by performance	77
63	discharge of contract by agreement or consent	78
64	discharge of agreement by novation	78
65	discharge of contract by rescission	78
66	discharge of contract by alteration	79
67	discharge of contract by remission	79
68	discharge of contract by waiver	79
69	discharge of contract by merger	79
70	discharge of contract by owing to the occurrence of an event	79
71	discharge of contract by lapse of time	79
72	discharge of contract by operation of law	80
73	death	80
74	insolvency	80
75	merger	80
76	complete loss of evidence	80
77	discharge of contract by breach made by one of the parties to a contract	80
78	actual breach	80
79	anticipatory breach	80
80	discharge of contract by assignment	81
81	discharge of contract by impossibility of performance	81
82	discharge of contract by material alteration	82
83	remedies for breach of a contract	82
84	recession of the contract	82
85	suit for damages	82
86	ordinary damages	83
87	special damages	83
88	minimal damages	83
89	vindictive damages	83
90	damages agreed upon in advance in case of breach of contract	83
91	damages of loss of reputation	84
92	quantum merit	84
93	suit for specific performance	84
94	suit for injunction	85
95	quasi-contract	85
96	kinds of quasi-contracts	85
97	supply of necessities	86
98	reimbursement of payment by an interested person	86
99	liability of payment for non gratuitous acts	87
100	responsibility of a finder of goods	87
101	payment of money by mistake or coercion	88
102	distinction between a contract and a quasi-contract	88
103	distinction between a contingent contract and a quasi-contract	89
	unit 3:- special types of contract
1	contract of indemnity	94
2	contract of guarantee	95
3	liabilities of a surety	95
4	rights of a surety	96
5	right to information	96
6	right of consultation	96
7	right of subrogation	96
8	right to indemnity	97
9	continuing guarantee	97
10	contract of bailment	98
11	duties of the bailee	98
12	rights of bailee	98
13	contract of pledge	99
14	right of a Pawnee	100
15	contract of agency	101
16	principal agent	101
17	who can appoint a agent	101
18	who may be an agent	101
19	the test of agency	101
20	agent	102
21	servant	102
22	creation of agency	103
23	agency by express agreement	103
24	agency by implied agreement	103
25	agency by estoppels or by holding out	104
26	husband and wife	105
27	agency by operation of law	105
28	agency by ratification	106
29	ratification	106
30	effect of ratification	106
31	ratification may be express or implied	107
32	ratification is tantamount to prior authority	107
33	important essentials or requisites of valid ratification	108
34	existence of principal	108
35	the capacity of principal	108
36	full knowledge of facts is essential	109
37	the act must be done for or an behalf of the principal	109
38	ratification of the whole transaction	109
39	unauthorized act injuring third person or party cannot be ratified	109
40	the act to be ratified must be legal	110
41	ratification can be done by the principal if he has the power to do so	110
42	ratification must be done within a reasonable time	110
43	ratification must be communicated to the concerned party	110
44	ratification relates back to the date of the act of the agent	110
45	the act ratified must relate to an existing thing	111
46	limitations to the principle of ratification	111
47	types of agents	112
48	special agents	112
49	general agents	112
50	universal agents	113
51	CO-agents	113
52	substituted agents	113
53	sub-agents	114
54	factor	115
55	broker	116
56	auctioneer	116
57	commission agent	116
58	del credere agents	116
59	forwarding agents	117
60	clearing agent	117
61	indenting agent	117
62	rights, duties and the liabilities of an agent	117
63	actual authority of an agent	118
64	apparent or obsensible authority	119
65	agent's authority in an emergency	119
66	delegation of authority by agent	120
67	rights, duties liabilities of an agent to his principal	121
68	rights f an agent	121
69	agents right to do all lawful things	121
70	agents rights in emergency	121
71	agents right to appoint sub agent and substitute agent	122
72	agents right to renounce his agency	122
73	agents right to receive remuneration when due	122
74	agents right to receive compensation for premature revocation	123
75	agents right of retainer	123
76	agents right of lien on principal property	124
77	agents right of indemnification against the consequences of lawful or legal acts	124
78	agents right to be indemnified against the consequences of all the acts done in good faith	124
79	agents right to stoppage in transit	125
80	agents right of compensation for injury caused by his principal neglect or want of skill	125
81	duties and liabilities of an agent to his principal	126
82	agents duty to conduct principals business according to his instruction or direction s	126
83	agents duty on the termination of agency by his principal death or insanity	127
84	agents duty to conduct or carry on the work with reasonable care, skill and diligence	127
85	agents duty to render account properly to his principal	128
86	agents duty not to delegate his authority	128
87	agents duty to communicate with principal in case of difficulty	128
88	agents duty not to deal on his own account in the business of agency	129
89	agents duty not to earn or make secret profit from agency business	129
90	agents duty not to use the information obtained in the course of the agency business against his principal	130
91	agents duty not to pay sums received of principal	130
92	agents duty not to set up an advance adverse title	131
93	agents duty in naming an agent for his principal	131
94	agents liability in respect of damages and misconduct	131
95	personal liability of an agent where fixed by trade or custom usage	131
96	when an agent agrees expressly to be liable	131
97	agents liability for his wrongful act	132
98	liability of an agents for the acts of the sub-agent	132
99	rights, duties and liabilities of principal	132
100	rights of principal against his agent	132
101	principals right t o benefits gained by his agent dealing on his won account in the business of agency	133
102	principals right to recover damages	133
103	principals right to refuse remuneration to his agent when he is guilt of misconduct	133
104	principals right to revoke agent's authority	134
105	principals right to ratify or disown his agents acts	134
106	duties and liabilities of principal to his agent	134
107	principals duty to pay remuneration and dues to his agent	134
108	principals duty to indemnify his agent against consequences of all legal or lawful acts	135
109	principals duty towards his agent to indemnify him against ht consequences of all acts done in good faith	135
110	principals duty to compensate his agent for injury caused	136
111	liability of the principal in respect of contracts entered by his agent with third parties	136
112	liability of the principal when the notice is properly given to his agent	136
113	liability of ht principal when he induces third parties or persons to believe that his agents unauthorized acts were authorized	136
114	principals liability on account of agents misrepresentation or fraud	137
115	termination of agency	137
116	termination of agency by act of the parties to the contract of agency	137
117	termination of agency by agreement between his principal and his agent	138
118	termination of agency by revocation of agency by his principal	138
119	when principal may revoke agents authority	138
120	compensation for revocation of agent s authority by principal	138
121	reasonable notice of revocation to his agent by his principal	139
122	irrevocable agency	139
123	agency cannot be revoked	140
124	agency coupled with interest	140
125	where authority has been partly exercised by the agent	141
126	where an agent has incurred personal liability	141
127	when revocation or termination of agency takes effect	141
128	termination of sub-agency and substituted agency	142
129	termination of agency by renunciation of business by the agent	142
130	renunciation of agency by the agent	143
131	renunciation of agency may be expressed or implied	143
132	compensation for renunciation by an agent	143
133	provision of reasonable notice of renunciation by the agent to his principal	143
134	termination of agency by operation of law	143
135	completion of the agency business	143
136	expiry of period of time	143
137	destruction of subject matter	144
138	insolvency of the principal and in some cases that of the agent	144
139	death of the principal	144
140	death of agent	145
141	insanity of either party	145
142	principal becoming an alien enemy	145
143	object of agency becoming illegal or unlawful	145
144	incapacity of principal or agent	145
145	termination of sub agents authority	145
	unit 4:-partnership Act 1932
1	an act of firm	152
2	business	152
3	third party	152
4	definition of partnership, partner etc	153
5	the essential elements of main features of a partnership	153
6	who can be partners	153
7	minor	154
8	enemy	154
9	alien enemy	154
10	lunatic	154
11	voluntary agreement	155
12	sharing of profit of business	155
13	mutual agency	155
14	corporation or company or partnership firms	156
15	test of partnership	156
16	types of partnerships and partners	158
17	partnership for fixed term	158
18	partnership at will	159
19	particular partnership	159
20	types of partners	160
21	active or passive partners	160
22	nominal partners	160
23	sleeping or dormant partner	160
24	sub-partner	161
25	partner in profits only	161
26	partner by estoppels or holding out	162
27	formation of partnership and registration of firm	162
28	formation of partnership	162
29	registration of firms	163
30	rights, duties and liabilities of partners	165
31	to take part in the conduct or management of the partnership business	165
32	to be consulted and right to take decision by majority	165
33	to have access to books of the firm	165
34	to have equal share in the profits	165
35	to receive interest on capital	165
36	to receive interest on advances	165
37	to be indemnified	165
38	to perform acts in emergency	166
39	to apply property of the firm for the purpose of the business of the firm	166
40	to function as an agent of the firm	166
41	to prevent introduction of a new partner	166
42	to retire	166
43	not to be expelled	166
44	of an outgoing partner to carry on competing business	166
45	of outgoing partner in certain cases to share subsequent profits	167
46	duties and liabilities of partners	167
47	general duties	167
48	to carry on the business to the common advantage	167
49	to be just and faithful to other partners of his firm	167
50	to render true accounts	167
51	to provide full information	167
52	to indemnify for loss caused by fraud	168
53	to attend diligently to his duties	168
54	to work without hesitation	168
55	to contribute to losses	168
56	to indemnify for willful neglect	168
57	to hold and use partnership property exclusively for the partnership firm	169
58	to account for personal or private profits	169
59	not to compete with the business or the partnership firm	169
60	to act within authority	169
61	not to assign his rights	169
62	liabilities of partners to third party	170
63	liability of partners for acts of the firm	170
64	liability of the firm for wrongful acts of its partners	170
65	liability of the firm for wrongful acts of its partners	170
66	provisions relating to ability for holding out	171
67	exceptions	172
68	deceased partner	172
69	insolvency of a partner	173
70	dormant partner	173
71	liability of the firm to third party for misappropriation	173
72	mutual relations of partners	173
73	the authority of partner and the liability to third party	174
74	authority of a partner	174
75	express and implied authority of a partner	174
76	implied authority of a partner and third parties	174
77	implied authority of a partner as agent of the firm	174
78	partners authority in an emergency	175
79	effect of admissions by a partner	175
80	notice to a partner	175
81	provisions relating to minor partners and property of the firm	175
82	provisions relating to minor partners	175
83	reconstitution of a firm	178
84	incoming and outgoing partner	178
85	retirement of a partner	180
86	liability of a retired partner	180
87	expulsion of a partner	181
88	insolvency of partners	181
89	death of partner	182
90	transfer of partners interest	183
91	rights of outgoing partner	183
92	revocation of continuing guarantee by change in firm	184
93	dissolution of a firm	185
94	modes of dissolution of a firm	185
95	dissolution of partnership firm by voluntary acts of partners	186
96	dissolution by consent	186
97	dissolution by agreement	186
98	dissolution by notice	186
99	dissolution by operation of law	187
100	compulsory dissolution	187
101	insolvency of partners	187
102	certain events making partnership business unlawful	187
103	dissolution of partnership firm on happening of certain contingencies	188
104	dissolution by the order of the court	188
105	insanity of a partner	189
106	permanent incapacity of a partner	189
107	misconduct of a partner	190
108	willful or persistent breaches of agreement	190
109	transfer of interest by a partner	190
110	business carried on at loss	190
111	any other just an equitable ground	191
112	rights of partner on dissolution of the firm	191
113	right s of the partner to have business wound up after dissolution of the firm	191
114	right s of the partner to bind the firm	191
115	rights of the partner to settle the debts of the firm out to the property of the firm	192
116	payment of firm s debt and of separate debt	192
117	right relating to the use of firms name after the dissolution of the firm	192
118	right of a partner the amount of premium paid ,if any an premature dissolution	192
119	rights of a partner where partnership contract is rescinded for fraud or misrepresentation	193
120	right of a partner to restrain other partner s from using firms name and property of the firm	193
121	liabilities of a partner on the dissolution of his firm	194
122	continuing liability of a partner after dissolution	194
123	liability on account of holding out	194
124	liability of a partner to share personal profit	195
125	personal profit earned by partners	195
126	provisions relating settlement of accounts on dissolution of a firm	195
127	provisions relating to losses	195
128	provisions relating to application of assets	196
129	provisions relating to firms debts and private debts, when both exist	196
130	provisions relating to the insolvency of one of the partners	196
131	provisions relating to sale of goodwill on dissolution	197
132	provisions relating to public notice	197
133	consequences of not giving a public notice	198
134	distinction between partnership and other forms of organisation	198
135	distinction between partnership and company	198
136	distinction between partnership and joint Hindu family	200
137	distinction between partnership and co-ownership	202
138	distinction between partnership and a club or a society	204
	unit 5:-sales of Goods Act-1932
1	contract of sale of goods	210
2	sale and agreement to sell	211
3	essentials of contract of sale	211
4	two parties	211
5	goods- the subject matter of the contract	212
6	transfer of the property	212
7	monetary elements of valid contract	212
8	a contract t of sale includes as well as an agreement to sell	213
9	formalities of contract of sale	213
10	goods	213
11	existing goods	213
12	specific goods	213
13	ascertained goods	213
14	unascertained or generic goods	213
15	future goods	214
16	contingent goods	214
17	effects of destruction of goods or perishing of goods	215
18	ascertainment of price	216
19	stipulation as to time	216
20	sales and agreement to sell	217
21	nature of contract	217
22	transfer of the ownership of property	217
23	types of goods or nature of property transferred	218
24	general and particular property	218
25	consequences of breach	218
26	risk of loss	218
27	sellers right of reselling goods	218
28	sellers insolvency	219
29	buyers insolvency	219
30	sale and hire purchase agreement	219
31	nature of contract and ownership	219
32	termination of a contract	220
33	implied conditions and warranties	220
34	payment in installment	220
35	insolvency of the buyer and risk of loss	220
36	sale and bailment	220
37	sale and barter exchange	221
38	conditions and warranties	221
39	when condition is treated as a warranty	222
40	voluntary waiver of condition	222
41	acceptance of goods by buyer	222
42	difference between a condition and a warranty	223
43	purpose	223
44	difference as to breach	223
45	difference as to treatment	223
46	essence of the contract of sale	223
47	damages	224
48	express and implied conditions and warranties	224
49	expressing facit ceassare tactium	224
50	modus et conventio vincent legem	224
51	implied conditions in a contract of sale	224
52	condition as to title	225
53	condition as to sale by description	226
54	condition as to sale by description as well as sample	226
55	condition as to sale by sample	226
56	condition as to quality or fitness	226
57	condition as to merchantability	227
58	condition as to wholesomeness	227
59	condition implied by custom	227
60	implied warranties in contract of sale	228
61	implied warranties of quiet possession	228
62	implied warranty of freedom from encumbrance	228
63	implied warranty as to quality or fitness by usage of trade	228
64	implied warranty to disclose dangerous nature of goods	229
65	inclusion of express conditions and warranties	229
66	exclusion of implied conditions and warranties in contracts of sale	229
67	doctrine of caveat emptor	229
68	implied conditions as to quality or fitness for buyers purpose	230
69	merchantability quality or sale of goods by description	230
70	usage by trade	231
71	consent by fraud	231
72	transfer f property or ownership	231
73	risks of property	232
74	insolvency	232
75	damages	232
76	suit for price	232
77	passing of property from seller to buyer	232
78	passing of property in a contract for sale of specific or ascertained goods	232
79	intention of the parties	232
80	passing of the property at ht time of contract	233
81	passing of the property in the case of specific goods where the goods are to be put into deliverable state	233
82	passing of the property in the case of specific goods when the price is to be ascertained by weighing etc	233
83	passing of property in the contract for sale of unascertained goods	233
84	passing of the property in goods sent on approval or on sale of return	234
85	reservation of right of disposal	235
86	passing of risk	236
87	transfer of title by non-owners	236
88	sale by person not the owner or title by estoppels	237
89	title by a mercantile agent	237
90	sale of one of joint owners	238
91	sale by a person in possession under voidable contract	238
92	sale by the buyer or seller as possession after sale	238
93	sale by unpaid seller	238
94	exceptions in the other acts	238
95	performance of contract of sale	239
96	performance of contract of sale	239
97	delivery of goods	239
98	actual delivery	239
99	symbolic delivery	239
100	constructive delivery or delivery by attornment	239
101	rules regarding delivery of goods	240
102	mode of delivery	240
103	delivery of goods and payment of price are concurrent conditions	240
104	effect of part delivery of goods	240
105	buyer to apply for delivery	241
106	place of delivery of goods	241
107	risks of delivery	241
108	time of delivery	241
109	goods in possession of third person or party	242
110	cost of delivery of goods	242
111	delivery of wrong quantity	242
112	delivery of goods less than contracted for	242
113	delivery of goods in excess quantity contracted for	242
114	delivery of goods contracted for mixed with other goods	242
115	installment deliveries of goods	242
116	delivery to carrier or wharfinger	243
117	when an acceptance is complete on delivery of goods	243
118	buyer not bound to return rejected goods	243
119	liability of a buyer for neglecting or refusing delivery of goods	244
120	rights of unpaid seller and remedial measures	244
121	rights of an unpaid seller and remedial measures	244
122	rights of unpaid seller against the goods sold	245
123	rights against the buyer personally	245
124	rights o unpaid seller against goods	245
125	right of lien	245
126	termination of lien	246
127	right of stoppage of goods in transit	247
128	duration of transit	247
129	how stoppage in transit is affected	248
130	distinction between right of lien and right of stoppage in transit	248
131	effect of pledge or sub-sale by the buyer	249
132	right of resale	249
133	right to withhold the deliver of goods	250
134	rights of unpaid seller against the buyer personally	250
135	right to sue for price	250
136	where the property in goods has passed to the buyer	250
137	where the property in goods has not passed t the buyer	250
138	right to sue for damages for non-acceptance	250
139	right to repudiate the contract before the repudiate the contract before the due date	251
140	right to sue for interest	251
141	sale by auction	251
	unit 6:-the negotiable instrument Act-1881
1	negotiable instruments-	258
2	must be in writing	259
3	free transferability or easy negotiability	259
4	title of holder is free from all defects	259
5	recovery	259
6	presumptions	259
7	presumptions to negotiable instrument	259
8	of consideration	260
9	as to date	260
10	as to time of acceptance	260
11	as to time of transfer	260
12	as to order of endorsement	260
13	as to stamps	260
14	as to holder in due course	260
15	as to proof of protest	260
16	payment	260
17	payable to order to bearer	260
18	types of negotiable instrument	261
19	negotiable instrument recognized by statue	261
20	negotiable instruments recognized by usage or custom of trade	261
21	bill-of- exchange	261
22	promissory note	263
23	cheque	265
24	a cheque in electronic form	266
25	truncated cheque	266
26	clearing house	266
27	types of cheque	268
28	bearer or open cheques	268
29	crossed cheques	268
30	trade bill and accommodation bill	268
31	fictitious bill	269
32	documentary and clean bill	269
33	inchoate instrument	269
34	ambiguous instrument	270
35	escrow	270
36	bills in sets	271
37	holder of first acquired part to entitled to all	271
38	inland and foreign instrument	272
39	inland instrument	272
40	foreign instrument	272
41	protest of foreign bills	272
42	law governing liability of maker, acceptor or endorser of foreign instrument	272
43	law of place of payment governs dishonor	272
44	instrument made etc, out of India , but in accordance with the law of India	272
45	presumptions as to foreign law	272
46	instruments payable on demand	273
47	distinction between bill of exchange and a promissory note	273
48	distinction between a cheque and bill of exchange	274
49	parties t negotiable instrument	274
50	parties to promissory note	275
51	maker payee holder endorser and endorsee	275
52	parties to cheque	275
53	drawer drawer the payee holder endorser and endorsee	275
54	parties to bill of exchange	276
55	drawer drawer acceptor payee endorser and endorsee holder drawer in case of need acceptance of honor	276
56	capacities of parties to the negotiable instrument	277
57	minor	277
58	lunatics or persons of unsound mind	277
59	insolvent	277
60	agent	278
61	partnership firm	278
62	joint stock company	278
63	legal representative	278
64	Hindu joint family	279
65	possession of instrument	279
66	entitled to receive the amount	279
67	holder in due course	280
68	must be a holder	281
69	must be holder for valuable consideration	281
70	must become a holder of the negotiable instrument before the date of maturity	281
71	must become a holder of the negotiable in good faith	281
72	rights and privileges of holder in due course	282
73	liabilities of prior parties	282
74	installment purged or cleansed of all defects	282
75	privilege in case of inchoate stamped instrument not affected	283
76	no effect of condition al delivery or of special delivery	283
77	no effect of absence of consideration or presence of an unlawful consideration	283
78	privilege in case of fictions bill	283
79	estoppels against denying original validity of instrument	284
80	estoppels against denying capacity of payee to endorse	284
81	estoppels against endorsed to deny capacity of prior parties	284
82	distinction between holder and holder in due course	284
83	negotiation and types of endorsement	284
84	procedure of transfer or modes of negotiation	285
85	negotiation by delivery	285
86	negotiation by endorsement and delivery	287
87	types of endorsement	287
88	general of blank endorsement	288
89	full or special endorsement	288
90	partial endorsement	289
91	restrictive endorsement	290
92	conditional endorsement	290
93	sans recourse endorsement	290
94	facultative endorsement	291
95	sans frais endorsement	291
96	liability depends upon contingency	291
97	the duration of negotiability	291
98	duties and liabilities of paying banker	292
99	liability of drawer of cheque	292
100	protection of paying banker	292
101	material alteration	293
102	crossing	295
103	cheque crossed generally	296
104	cheque crossed specially	296
105	cheque bearing not negotiable	297
106	account payee crossing	297
107	duties and liabilities of collecting banker	299
108	bouncing of a cheque- a criminal offence	301
109	punishment	302
110	offences of companies	304
111	company includes firms also	305
112	cognizance of offences	305
113	mode of services of summons	305
114	evidence of affidavit	305
	unit 8:-the consumer protection Act-1986
1	appropriate laboratory	314
2	branch office	314
3	consumer	314
4	person	317
5	goods	318
6	service	318
7	spurious goods and services	320
8	trader	320
9	manufacturer	321
10	consumer dispute	322
11	complaint	322
12	restrictive trade practices	324
13	unfair trade practices	325
14	defect	326
15	deficiency	328
16	members	329
17	consumer protection councils	330
18	the central consumer protection council	330
19	the state consumer protection council	331
20	district consumer protection council	332
21	consumer dispute redressal agencies	332
22	district forums	333
23	establishment and composition of district forums	333
24	jurisdiction of district forum	333
25	manner of making complaint	334
26	procedure on receipt of complaint	335
27	procedure followed by the district forum on admission of a complaint relating to goods	339
28	procedure followed by the district forum on admission of a complaint relating to services	341
29	power f district forums	342
30	findings of district forums	343
31	provisions relating to appeals to the state commission	343
32	state commission	345
33	composition of the state commission	345
34	jurisdiction of state commission	347
35	to entertain	347
36	provisions of the act relating to transfer of cases	348
37	provisions relating to appeals to the national commission	348
38	hearing of appeal	349
39	national commission	349
40	composition of national commission	349
41	jurisdiction of the national commission	350
42	monetary jurisdiction	350
43	appellate jurisdiction	350
44	supervisor and provisional jurisdiction	350
45	power of procedure applicable to the national commission	350
46	power to set aside ex parte orders	350
47	transfer of cases	351
48	circuit benches	351
49	contents of complain	351
50	appearance of the parties before the national commission	351
51	time limit for deciding the complaint	352
52	orders by the national commission	352
53	rule 15 of the consumer protection rule of 1987 relating to the procedure for hearing the appeal by the national commission	352
54	sitting of the national commission and signing of orders	353
55	provisions relating to an appeal to the supreme court	354
56	some other provisions of the act	354
57	finality of orders	354
58	limitation period	354
59	dismissal of vexation or frivolous complaints	355
60	penalties	355
61	appeal against the order passed under section 22	356
62	protection of the action taken in good faith	356
63	service of notice	356
	companies Act of 1956-Part I
1	company	362
2	main features or characteristics of company	364
3	registration	364
4	voluntary association	364
5	legal personality	364
6	contractual capacity	364
7	management	364
8	permanent existence	364
9	registered office	364
10	common seal	364
11	limited liability	364
12	transferability	364
13	statutory obligations	364
14	artificial personality	365
15	residence	365
16	no fundamental rights	365
17	separate name	365
18	number of members	365
19	shareholders are actual owners	365
20	raising of capital on large scale	365
21	capacity to sue	365
22	rigidity of objects	365
23	statutory requirements	366
24	company is body corporate	366
25	an incorporate association	366
26	separate legal entity	366
27	an artificial person but not a citizen	366
28	lifting or piercing the corporate veil	366
29	important types of companies	368
30	classification on the basis of liability	368
31	company limited by shares	368
32	company limited by guarantee	368
33	unlimited companies	369
34	classification based on mode of incorporation	369
35	chartered companies	369
36	statutory company	369
37	registered companies under act	370
38	classification on the basis of ownership	370
39	private company	370
40	public company	370
41	government company	371
42	classification on jurisdiction of functioning	372
43	nation al company	372
44	multinational company	372
45	foreign company	372
46	classification on the basis of control and or shareholding	372
47	holding company	372
48	subsidiary company	372
49	other types	373
50	one man company	373
51	association not for profits	373
52	existing company	373
53	difference between private company and public company	374
54	private company	374
55	public company	375
56	prohibition of associations and partnership exceeding certain number	377
57	consequences of illegal association	377
58	important stages involved in the process of formation of a company	378
59	promotion	378
60	registration	379
61	floatation and raising of capital	379
62	commencement of business	379
63	incorporation of a company	379
64	mode of forming incorporated company	379
65	registration of memorandum and articles	379
66	memorandum	379
67	article s of association	380
68	a letter of approval	380
69	declaration	380
70	list of directors	380
71	sanction of the controller of capital issues	380
72	challan	380
73	certificate of incorporation	381
74	effects of incorporation	381
75	a proof showing that all legal requirements have been complied with	382
76	certificate of incorporation and pre-incorporation contracts	382
77	perpetual succession	382
78	assets and liabilities of a company	383
79	memorandum of association and articles of association	383
80	important provisions	384
81	mode of forming incorporated company	384
82	requirements with respect to memorandum	385
83	forms of memorandum	386
84	printing and signature of memorandum	386
85	alteration of memorandum	386
86	special resolution and confirmation by company law board required for alteration of memorandum	387
87	change of registered office within a state	388
88	alteration to be registered within three months	389
89	effects of failure to register	390
90	provisions with respect to names of companies	390
91	companies not to be registered with undesirable names	390
92	change of name by the company	391
93	rectification of name of the company	391
94	registration of change of name and effect thereof	392
95	change of name of existing private limited companies	392
96	power to dispense with limited in name of charitable or other company	393
97	section pertaining to articles of association	395
98	articles prescribing regulation s	395
99	regulation required in case of unlimited company, company limited by guarantee or private limited company by shares	395
100	adoption and application of table A in case of companies limited by share	395
101	form f articles on the case of other companies	396
102	form and association of articles	396
103	alteration of articles by special resolution	396
104	section pertaining to change of registration of companies	397
105	registration of unlimited company as limited	397
106	sections pertaining to general provisions with respect to memorandum and articles	397
107	registration of memorandum and articles	398
108	effect of registration	398
109	conclusiveness of certificate of incorporation	399
110	effect of memorandum and articles	399
111	provisions as to companies limited by guarantee	399
112	effect of alteration in memorandum and articles	400
113	copies of memorandum and article etc to be given to the members	400
114	alteration of memorandum or articles etc, to be noted in every copy	401
115	sections pertaining to membership of the company	401
116	definition of member	401
117	membership of holding company	401
118	sections pertaining to private companies	402
119	consequences of default in complying conditions constituting a company a private company	402
120	private company to become public company in certain cases	403
121	prospectus or statement in lieu of prospectus to be field by private company on ceasing to be private company	406
122	provisions of section 45 relating to reduction of number of members below legal minimum	408
123	distinction between memorandum of association and articles of association	408
	unit 9:-companies Act of 1956- Part-II
1	prospectus	414
2	form and contents of the prospectus	416
3	legal requirement of a prospectus	416
4	time particulars	416
5	date	416
6	signature	416
7	copy of prospectus	416
8	statement by expert	416
9	deposits	416
10	registration	416
11	terms of contract	416
12	prospectus by foreign company	416
13	penalty for non compliance	417
14	defense	417
15	misstatement on the prospectus	417
16	liability for not stating the particulars	417
17	liability for untrue statement	417
18	statement in lieu of prospectus	417
19	distinction between a prospectus and a statement in lieu of prospectus	417
20	share capital	418
21	capital	418
22	nominal capital or authorized capital	419
23	issued capital	419
24	subscribed capital	419
25	paid-up capital	419
26	uncalled capital	419
27	reserved capital	419
28	shares	419
29	preference shares	420
30	equity share capital	420
31	share and stock	420
32	provisions relating to certificate of shares	421
33	alteration ,increase, revocation of share capital	422
34	alteration in share capital	422
35	increase in share capital	422
36	reduction in share capital	423
37	accounts and audit	423
38	books of account to be kept by company	424
39	persons responsible for keeping books of account and penalty for failure to take necessary steps to secure compliance with requirements of section 209	425
40	inspection of books of account, other books and papers etc of companies	426
41	provisions of section 210 relating to annual accounts and balance sheet	428
42	provisions of section 217 relating to boards report	430
43	particulars in respect of certain employees	430
44	directors responsibility statement	431
45	responsibility must be signed by the chairman of the board	432
46	punishment for an offense under section 217	432
47	penalty for improper issue circulation or publication of balance sheet or profit and loss account	432
48	circulation of annual accounts	433
49	filing of copies of accounts of a company with the registrar of companies	434
50	appointment and remuneration of auditors	435
51	provisions of section 225 as to resolution for appointing or removing auditors	436
52	qualifications and disqualification of auditors	437
53	powers and duties of auditors	438
54	provisions relating to directors	441
55	appointment of first director	441
56	appointment of directors in the annual general meeting	442
57	appointment of directors by the board of directors	442
58	appointment of directors by the central government	442
59	appointment of directors to be voted on individually	442
60	restrictions on appointment or advertisement of director	443
61	share qualification of director	444
62	time within which share qualification is to be obtained and maximum amount thereof	444
63	penalty	445
64	restrictions on number of directorship	445
65	exclusion of certain directorship	446
66	removal of directors	446
67	vacation of the office of the director	447
68	disqualification of director	449
69	right and duties of director	450
70	right to participate in the affairs of the company	450
71	rights to have remuneration	450
72	right to compensation	450
73	duties of directors	451
74	duty of greatest good faith of fiduciary duties	451
75	duty of reasonable care, skill and diligence	451
76	duty to attend board meeting	451
77	duty to invest company's money	451
78	duty not to delegate function	451
79	statutory duties	451
80	company meeting	453
81	requisites or essentials of a valid meeting	454
82	proper authority to convene and hold a company meeting	454
83	notice	454
84	agendas	454
85	chairman	454
86	quorum	455
87	proxy	455
88	ascertainment of sense of meeting	455
89	resolutions	455
90	minutes	455
91	statutory meeting	456
92	annual general meeting	456
93	extra ordinary general meeting	456