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Sunday, January 23, 2011

SCDL Research Methodology

Research Methodology 
 unit 1:- understanding research 
1definition and meaning of research2
2arbitrary method2
3scientific method2
4encyclopedia of social science3
5clover and balsle3
6Young3
7webster's Twentieth Century Dictionary3
8Random House Dictionary of the English Language3
9John W.Best3
10meaning of research4
11systematic approach4
12objectivity5
13reproducible research5
14relevance5
15control5
16characteristics of research6
17objective of research6
18motivation in research7
19types of research9
20pure research9
21applied research9
22descriptive research9
23exploratory research9
24action research9
25diagnostic study9
26diagnostic study9
27evaluation study9
28experimental research9
29historical research9
30survey9
31exploratory research10
32conclusive research10
33pure, fundamental or theoretical research10
34applied research11
35exploratory research11
36need for exploratory research12
37advantages13
38disadvantages13
39case study approach14
40conclusive research14
41descriptive research14
42applications of descriptive approach15
43objective of descriptive approach15
44diagnostic study16
45evaluation study16
46action research17
47experimental approach17
48types of experimental design17
49after only design17
50one group before-after design18
51before-after design with control group18
52use of experimental design18
53research in decision making19
54role of research in various areas20
55financial management20
56production management20
57banking21
58government21
59human resource management21
60marketing management21
61research in natural or physical stores22
62research in social sciences22
63importance of social research to personnel management23
64personnel management23
65human resource development23
66Edward flippo23
67limitations of research24
68what constitutes a good research24
69systematic25
70logic25
71empirical25
72replicable25
73good researcher's qualities26
74method of approach26
75knowledge26
76qualification and attitudes26
77personal qualities26
78group 127
   
 unit 2:- Scientific method and research 
1scientific methods32
2Good and Hatt33
3definitions of scientific method33
4Karl Pearson33
5George A. Lundberg33
6L.L Bernard33
7Encyclopedia Britannica34
8characteristics of scientific method35
9basis of scientific method36
10reliance on evidence36
11definite problem to solve36
12verifiability36
13generality36
14predictability36
15objectivity37
16system37
17scientific methods and scientific research38
18components of scientific approach38
19procedural component38
20observation39
21formulation39
22verification 39
23personnel component39
24bias and prejudice in scientific research40
25incomplete observation 41
26inaccurate observation41
   
 unit 3:- Formulating research Problem and Hypothesis 
1unit of analysis46
2time and space boundaries46
3characteristics under stud46
4research process/planning process46
5primary stage47
6observation 47
7interest49
8crystallization 49
9formulating a research problem49
10primary synopsis49
11conceptual clarity50
12documentation 50
13personal documents50
14company documents50
15consultants report and published materials50
16public documents50
17literature survey51
18secondary stage51
19research project planning51
20research project formulation52
21data collection52
22classification and tabulation53
23data analysis53
24univariate analysis53
25bivariate analysis53
26multicariate analysis53
27analysis and interpretation 54
28testing of a hypothesis54
29interpretation of result54
30final stage54
31conclusions and recommendations54
32report witting54
33research problem need for defining55
34human considerations55
35economic consideration 55
36time consideration55
37technical consideration 55
38environmental consideration56
39prerequisites for formulating research problem56
40expensive study56
41well acquaintance with relevant theories56
42help from experts56
43clarity56
44source56
45selection of the research problem56
46reading57
47experience, academic57
48experience day to day57
49consultation57
50final exposure57
51brain storming58
52infusion58
53research58
54points to fonder on research problem58
55units of analysis59
56decision making unit -DMU59
57time and space coordination61
58all units or specific units62
59characteristics of interest63
60characteristics of interest versus unit of analysis63
61environmental conditions65
62formulation of a research problem and hypothesis testing66
63originating question 66
64rational behind66
65specific question66
66importance of formulation67
67formulating hypothesis67
   
 unit 4:- Hypothesis Testing 
1hypothesis :definition and meaning72
2definition of hypothesis72
3Goode and Hatt73
4Rummel and Balline73
5Webster Dictionary73
6Mill73
7Goode W.G and Hatt.P.K73
8Coffey73
9 Cohen M and Negel E73
10William H George74
11Role of hypothesis75
12Goode and Hatt76
13sources of hypothesis77
14analogy78
15general culture79
16individual experience79
17scientific theories79
18kinds of hypothesis79
19level of abstraction 79
20exploratory or descriptive hypothesis80
21tentative hypothesis80
22representative fictions80
23characteristics of hypothesis81
24formulation of hypothesis83
25importance of hypothesis85
26helpful in enquiry86
27selection of relevant factors86
28direction 86
29helps in drawing conclusions86
30difficulties in formulating of hypothesis86
31lack of knowledge of scientific method87
32lack of clear theoretical background87
33lack of logical background87
34means to overcome difficulties87
35testing of hypothesis87
36steps in testing hypothesis88
37statistical hypothesis of significance89
38prepare a hypothesis89
39null hypothesis90
40alternative hypothesis90
41choose a suitable significance level90
42decide test criterion90
43carry calculations91
44decision91
45types of errors in testing of hypothesis91
46limitations of tests of significance91
47test of significance should not be used mechanically91
48conclusions are to be given in terms of probabilities and not certainties92
49tests do not tell us why the difference exists92
   
 unit 5:- Research Design 
1Meaning and definition of research design96
2Cook, Dentish and Jahoda96
3E.A.Schulan96
4Russel Ackoff97
5P.V.Young97
6meaning of research design97
7according to Cook Jahoda97
8selection of research problem97
9presentation of problem97
10formulation of hypothesis97
11conceptual clarity97
12methodology97
13literature survey and bibliography98
14data collection98
15hypothesis testing98
16result interpretation98
17report writing98
18relation between problem formulation and research design98
19selection of problem 99
20factors affecting research design99
21time and money: determinants of design100
22advantages of research design101
23steps in research design101
24problem101
25objective of study101
26nature of study101
27sources of data101
28techniques of data collection102
29social cultural context102
30geographical limit102
31basis of selection102
32limitations and scope of study102
33contents of research design102
34research study102
35hypothesis 102
36data collection102
37universe and sample103
38data analysis103
39report-writing103
40good research design103
41various types of research design104
42different research design105
43exploratory/ formulative research105
44conclusive research 105
45case study105
46statistical study105
47vague problem105
48exploratory research106
49hypothesis106
50conclusive research decision106
51new ideas106
52research design for exploratory or formulative studies106
53design for exploratory or formulative studies106
54research design for conclusive studies107
55case stud method107
56statistical method107
57design for descriptive and diagnostic studies107
58anthropological107
59research design for experimental studies110
60informal experimental design110
61after only design110
62after only with control design111
63before and after with out control design111
64before and after with control design111
65formal design111
66completely randomized design 111
67randomized block design111
68Latin square design111
69factorial design111
70experimental study design111
71experiment 112
72analysis113
73outline of experiment113
74experiment113
75designs114
76analysis114
77basic principles of experimentation114
78randomization114
79replication114
80local control114
81advantages of planning experiments114
   
 unit 6:- data collection and measurement 
1meaning and importance of data120
2sources of data121
3documentary sources121
4field source121
5primary source121
6secondary source122
7data sources122
8primary sources122
9observation122
10interview122
11mailed questionnaire 122
12secondary sources123
13internal sources123
14external sources123
15private documents or personal documents123
16advantages of secondary data123
17disadvantages of secondary data124
18characteristics for evaluating secondary data124
19data relation124
20quality124
21reliability124
22orginality125
23completeness125
24unbiasness125
25choosing the method of data collection126
26type of information method126
27nature of research study126
28unit of enquiry126
29education 127
30skilled and trained person127
31sample size127
32methods of collection of primary data127
33observation 127
34questionnaire and schedules127
35experimentation127
36simulation127
37interview127
38projective technique127
39questionnaires classification129
40structured questionnaire129
41non-structured questionnaire129
42coded questionnaire129
43un-codified questionnaire129
44personal data129
45consumption pattern129
46consumer product market129
47industrial product market129
48general information129
49essential features of questionnaire130
50types of questions should be avoided131
51pilot studies and pre-tests131
52mailed questionnaire method132
53telephone interview132
54experimentation132
55simulation133
56interview133
57projective technique134
58methods of collection of secondary data136
59internal sources136
60external sources136
61personal sources136
62autobiographies136
63diaries136
64letters memos137
65public sources137
66unpublished137
67published137
68advantages of secondary data137
69disadvantages of secondary data138
70scrutiny of secondary data138
71data relation138
72quality139
73reliability139
74originality139
75accuracy139
76completeness139
77unbiasness139
78merits and demerits of different methods of collecting primary data139
79comparison of principal methods of data collection140
80personal interview with questionnaire140
81mailed questionnaire advantages140
82telephone interview140
83preferred data collection method141
   
 unit 7:- Sampling and sampling Techniques 
1population and sample146
2sampling146
3definition of sampling148
4Biogrdus148
5Mildred Parton148
6P.V Young148
7Fank Yates148
8Goods and Hatt148
9Paul L Erdos and arthur J Morgon148
10Blalock and Blalock148
11Ya-Lun-chou148
12variables and attributes149
13continuous and discrete variables149
14collection of statistical data150
15primary data150
16secondary data150
17procedures for collection data150
18census survey150
19sample survey151
20advantages of sampling over senses151
21less expensive151
22less time consuming151
23greater accuracy152
24destructive enumeration152
25sampling153
26basic principles153
27law of statistics regularity153
28law of inertia of large numbers153
29implication of sampling153
30main characteristics of sampling technique153
31economy153
32intensive and elaborate study153
33reliability153
34scientific nature154
35suitability154
36reliability of sampling154
37size of the sample154
38homogeneity of the samples154
39representativeness of the sample154
40similar sample154
41importance of sampling155
42concentrated stud of selected items155
43representative units studied155
44large area155
45scrutiny of available information155
46sufficiency of results155
47collecting of the information155
48assumptions of sampling155
49accuracy156
50homogeneity 156
51representative selection156
52advantages and disadvantages of sampling156
53accuracy156
54administrative suitability156
55advantage over census156
56less cost157
57saving in time157
58disadvantages157
59what makes a good sample158
60representative158
61accuracy158
62precision158
63sample size158
64selection of sample158
65geographical158
66individual159
67social159
68structural159
69characteristics of a good unit159
70accessibility159
71clarity159
72source list159
73standardization159
74validity159
75reliability159
76suitability159
77exhaustiveness160
78sampling and non-sampling errors160
79sampling errors160
80non-sampling errors160
81sampling frame161
82perfect frame161
83incomplete frame161
84inaccurate frame161
85inadequate frame161
86methods of sampling and probability sampling162
87probability sampling162
88non-probability sampling162
89probability sampling162
90uses of probability sampling162
91merits of probability sampling162
92accuracy162
93formulation of determinable representative sampling plans162
94wide applied method162
95demerits of probability sampling methods163
96expensive163
97requirement of large sample163
98other difficulty163
99simple random sampling163
100stratified random sampling163
101systematic random sampling163
102multi-stage sampling163
103cluster sampling163
104simple random sampling164
105simple random sampling with replacement164
106simple random sampling without replacement164
107simple random sampling with replacement164
108selecting a random sample164
109finite population164
110infinite population164
111lottery method165
112tippet's numbers method165
113selection from sequential list165
114grid system of a random sampling165
115precautions in simple random sampling166
116advantages of simple random sampling166
117disadvantages of simple random sampling166
118stratified random sampling167
119proportionate and disproportionate stratified sampling167
120allocation of sample size in different strata168
121 allocation169
122principles of stratified random sampling171
123homogeneity171
124advantages171
125disadvantages171
126systematic random sampling171
127multistage sampling172
128cluster sampling173
129cluster sampling process m174
130cluster identification174
131nature of clusters174
132determination of number of stages175
133single-stage sampling175
134two stage sampling175
135multi-stage sampling175
136principles of cluster sampling176
137sampling with varying probabilities177
138methods of sampling: non-probability sampling177
139methods of sampling177
140non-probability sampling177
141convenience sampling178
142purposive sampling or judgment, quota sampling178
143sampling design181
144type of population181
145sampling unit182
146type of sample182
147sample size182
148size of the sample182
149factors determining the size of the sample183
150nature of the stud183
151nature of population183
152questionnaire and schedule183
153types of sampling183
154practicability183
155parameter and statistic184
156parameter 185
157statistic185
158the sample mean methods185
159the sample proportion method186
160other sampling methods186
161snow balling186
162advantages of snow balling186
163saturation sampling187
164spatial sampling187
165self selected sampling187
166sequential sampling187
   
 unit 8:- Observation 
1definition of observation194
2oxford concise dictionary195
3meaning of observation195
4features of observation196
5Eye observation196
6Alm196
7Planning196
8Recording196
9physical and mental activity197
10purposive and selective197
11exactness197
12cause and effect relationships197
13direct study197
14importance of observation197
15observation a technique of data collection198
16Goode and Hatt198
17process of observation198
18sensation198
19attention or concentration198
20perception198
21types of observation200
22casual and scientific observation200
23natural and conceived observation200
24subjective and objective observation201
25direct and indirect observation201
26participant and non-participant observation202
27non-participate observation203
28merit of this method203
29structured observation and unstructured observation203
30controlled observation and non-uncontrolled conservation203
31controlled observation204
32advantages and disadvantages of observation204
33qualities of observation technique206
34instrumental aid in field of observation206
35limitation of observation206
36principle difficulties in observation208
37observation and inference208
38observer-caused effects209
   
 unit 9:- The interview method 
1definition and meaning of interview214
2vivien palmar214
3W.I Goode and P.K Hatt214
4P.V Young215
5C.William B Mary215
6meaning of interview technique215
7objectives of interview217
8types of interview217
9according to formality218
10formal interview218
11information interview218
12according to number218
13personal interview218
14group interview218
15according to purpose218
16diagnostic interview218
17treatment interview218
18research interview218
19interview to fulfill curiosity219
20short contact interview219
21prolonged contact interview219
22qualitative interview219
23quantitative interview219
24mixed interview219
25non-directive interview or free or unstructured interview219
26focused interview219
27repeated interview220
28structured interview220
29unstructured interviews220
30focused interview221
31clinical interview222
32non-directive interview or free or unstructured interview222
33in-depth interview222
34problems in interview223
35advantages of the interview method223
36advantages 223
37scoring and test devices225
38disadvantages225
39major limitations of the interview method227
40process of interview228
41introduction229
42object of the interview229
43interview 229
44free atmosphere229
45help229
46research question230
47encouragement230
48direction230
49note-taking230
50concluding230
51report231
52pre-requisites of successful interview231
53study design231
54encouragement231
55friendly atmosphere231
56characteristics of interview231
57questions231
58pre-test231
59bias231
60objective 232
   
 unit 10:-The questionnaire method 
1meaning and purpose of a questionnaire236
2sociologists236
3purpose of a questionnaire236
4types of questionnaire237
5structured questionnaire237
6non-structured questionnaire237
7open-ended questionnaire238
8close ended questionnaire238
9mixed questionnaire238
10pictorial questionnaire238
11kinds of questionnaire items239
12information239
13background239
14subject239
15formulation of a questionnaire schedule240
16physical form of the questionnaire242
17choice of questions243
18wording of questions243
19guidelines for questionnaire items244
20sequence of questions245
21questionnaire-choice, wordings etc245
22wording questions245
23sequence of questions246
24advantages and disadvantages of questionnaire246
25advantages 246
26less skill and training246
27economical248
28standardization248
29anonymity248
30less pressure248
31disadvantages248
32limited response248
33low return249
34lack of checking on replies249
35limited response249
36limited success249
37economical249
38lack of personal contact250
39possibility of wrong answers250
40illegibility250
41useless in depth problems250
42pre-testing questionnaire250
43model questionnaire251
   
 unit 11:- The survey methd 
1definitions of social survey262
2Mark Abrams262
3E.W Burgess262
4Shelly M Harrison262
5Herman N Morse263
6C.A Moser263
7A F Wells263
8F L Whitney263
9P V Young263
10meaning of srvey263
11objects of survey263
12characteristics of social survey264
13types of survey265
14factual survey265
15opinion survey265
16interpretive survey265
17genreal survey265
18specific survey265
19reglar and ad-hoc surveys266
20prelimianry and fina; surveys266
21censys and sample surveys266
22official, semi-official or private survey 
23confidential or public surveu266
24telephone survey267
25personal interview survey267
26mail survey267

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