SCDL Keywords-Managerial Economics-ME

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	Managerial Economics
sl no.	unit 1:-introduction to managerial economics
1	definitions	2
2	prof. Spencer Singleman	2
3	Prof.Hague	2
4	prof.Joel Dean	2
5	Prof,Mansfield	2
6	Mc Nair and Meriam	2
7	nature of managerial economics	4
8	micro economics	4
9	forecasting	4
10	applied branch of knowledge	5
11	deductive logic	5
12	scientific approach	5
13	scope of managerial economics	6
14	demand analysis and forecasting	6
15	production function	7
16	cost analysis	7
17	inventory management	7
18	advertising	7
19	price system	8
20	resource allocation	8
21	capital budgeting	9
22	subject matter of managerial economics	9
23	decision making	9
24	forward planning	9
25	significance of managerial economics	10
26	risk	10
27	economic problems	11
28	source of economic problems	11
29	resource and scarcity	11
30	land labour capital	11
31	factors of production	11
32	entrepreneurship	11
33	goods	11
34	services	11
35	gross national product	12
36	producer consumer	12
37	production consumption	12
38	scarcity	12
39	meaning of economic problem	13
40	Lionel Robbins	13
41	economic problem at family level	13
42	economic problem at universal level	14
43	basic economic problem	15
44	what commodities are to be produced in what quantities	15
45	by what method are these commodities produced	15
46	theory of production	16
47	how is society's output of goods and services divided among its members	16
48	theory of distribution	16
49	distribution of income	16
50	how efficient is the society's production and distribution	16
51	welfare economics	16
52	micro economics	17
53	are the country's resource being fully utilised,or are some of them lying idle	17
54	trade cycle theory	17
55	J.M Keynes	18
56	is the purchasing power of money and savings constant , or is it being eroded because of inflation	18
57	is the economy's capacity to produce goods and service growing from year to year or is t remaining static	18
58	theory of economic growth	18
	unit 2:- profit
1	accounting profit vs. economic profit	24
2	implicit costs or imputed costs	24
3	opportunity cost	25
4	pure profit	26
5	types of profit	26
6	gross profit and pure-net profit	26
7	remuneration for the factors of the production contributed by entrepreneur himself	27
8	depreciation and maintenance charges	27
9	extra personal profit	27
10	monopoly profit	27
11	chance profit	28
12	net profit	28
13	theories of profit	29
14	risk taking theory	29
15	uncertainty nearing theory of profit	29
16	F.H Knight	29
17	innovation theory of profit	31
18	dynamic theory of profit	32
19	profit in a static society	32
20	prof.Clark	32
21	measurement of profit	35
22	economic profit and accounting profit	35
23	assets	36
24	factors leading to differences in the economic and traditional concepts of valuation	36
25	depreciation	37
26	straight line method	37
27	diminishing balance method	37
28	annuity method	38
29	service unit method	38
30	inventory valuation	38
31	first in first out	39
32	last in first out	39
33	unaccounted value changes in the assets and the liabilities	39
34	profit policy	40
35	profit expectations	41
36	blue chip	41
37	rate of profit should be	41
38	external factors	42
39	full employment	42
40	potential rivals	42
41	consumers confidence	42
42	political climate	42
43	reasonable profit target	44
44	standards of reasonable profit	44
45	forms of profit standard	44
46	setting the profit standard	44
47	capital attracting standard	44
48	plough back standard	45
49	normal earnings standard	45
	unit 3:- demand
1	determinants of demand	53
2	factors influencing individual demand	53
3	price of the product	54
4	income	54
5	tastes and habits	54
6	relative price of the other goods- substitute and complementary goods	54
7	consumers expectation	55
8	advertisement effect	56
9	factors influencing market demand	56
10	price of the product	56
11	distribution of the income and wealth in the community	57
12	community's common habits and scale of reference	57
13	general standards of living and spending habits of the people	57
14	number of buyers in the market and the growth of population	57
15	age structure and sex ratio of the population	58
16	future expectations	59
17	level of taxation and tax structure	59
18	inventions and innovations	59
19	fashions	59
20	climate or weather conditions	59
21	customs	59
22	advertisement and sales propaganda	60
23	demand schedule	61
24	individual demand schedule	61
25	characteristics of demand schedule	62
26	market demand schedule	62
27	demand curve	63
28	individual demand curve	63
29	derivation of market demand curve	64
30	the law of demand	65
31	statement of the law	65
32	explanation of the law of the demand	65
33	assumptions underlying the law of demand	66
34	no change in consumers income	66
35	no change in consumers preference	67
36	no change in fashion	67
37	no change in the price of related goods	67
38	o expectation of future change or shortages	67
39	no change in size, age composition and sex ratio of the the population	67
40	no change in the rang of the goods available to the consumer	67
41	no change in distribution of income and wealth o the community	67
42	no change in government policy	67
43	no change in weather conditions	67
44	exceptions to the law of demand or exceptional demand curve	68
45	giffen goods	69
46	articles of snob appeal	70
47	speculation	70
48	consumers psychological bias or illusion	70
49	changes in quantity demanded and change in demand	71
50	expansion or extension and contraction of demand	71
51	increase and decrease in demand	72
52	reasons for change	73
	unit 4:-elasticity of demand
1	price elasticity	80
2	income elasticity	80
3	cross elasticity	80
4	price elasticity of demand	80
5	types of price elasticity	82
6	perfectly elastic demand	83
7	perfectly inelastic demand	84
8	relatively elastic demand	85
9	relatively inelastic demand	86
10	unitary elastic demand	88
11	measurement of elasticity	90
12	percentage method	90
13	point elasticity method	91
14	total outlay expenditure or revenue method	91
15	Dr Marshall	91
16	point geometric method	94
17	point method	94
18	arc elasticity method	95
19	factors influencing price elasticity of demand	98
20	nature of the commodity	98
21	availability of the substitute	98
22	number of uses	99
23	consumers income	99
24	height of price and rang of price change	99
25	proportion of expenditure	100
26	durability of the commodity	100
27	influence of habit and customs	100
28	complementary of goods	100
29	time	101
30	recurrence of demand	101
31	possibility of postponement	101
32	practical significance of the concept of elasticity of demand	102
33	its importance to the businessman	102
34	importance to the government	102
35	importance to the trade union	103
36	importance to economists	103
37	importance to international trade	103
38	income elasticity of demand: measurement types and uses of the concept	105
39	measurement of the income elasticity	105
40	types f income elasticity	107
41	negative income elasticity	107
42	zero income elasticity	107
43	unit income elasticity	107
44	low income elasticity of demand	107
45	high income elasticity	108
46	uses of the concept of income elasticity of demand	108
47	economic development	108
48	income fluctuation	109
49	economic planning	109
50	demand forecasting	109
51	foreign trade	109
52	cross elasticity of demand: concept, measurement and its uses	110
53	concept	110
54	measurement	111
55	uses of cross elasticity of demand	113
	unit 5:- demand forecasting
1	necessity of forecasting demand	118
2	forecasts are necessary for	118
3	fulfillment of the objective of the plans	118
4	preparation of the budget	118
5	stabilization of employment and production	119
6	expansion of the firms	119
7	other uses	119
8	factors influencing demand forecasts	120
9	time period	120
10	short period	120
11	long period forecast	121
12	very long period forecasts	121
13	level of forecasts	122
14	a firm	122
15	an industry	122
16	the nation	122
17	general and specific forecasts	122
18	established products and new products	122
19	product classification	123
20	other factors	123
21	factors influencing demand forecasting	124
22	techniques or methods of forecasting demand	125
23	method of forecasting demand for established goods	125
24	interview and survey approach- short period forecast	125
25	opinion polling method	125
26	collective opinion method	126
27	sample survey method	126
28	panel of experts	127
29	composite management method	128
30	methods for established goods	128
31	methods for new goods	128
32	projection approach- for long period forecasts	129
33	correlation and regression analysis	129
34	time series analysis	130
35	method of demand forecasting for new products	132
36	evolutionary method	132
37	substitution method	133
38	growth pattern method	133
39	opinion - polling method	133
40	sample survey method	134
41	indirect opinion polling method	134
42	criteria for a good demand forecast	135
43	accuracy	136
44	durability	136
45	flexibility	136
46	acceptability	136
47	availability	136
48	plausibility	136
49	economy	136
	unit 6:-supply analysis
1	determinants of supply	142
2	price	143
3	natural conditions	143
4	state of technology	143
5	transport conditions	143
6	factor prices and their availability	144
7	government policy	144
8	cost of production	145
9	price of other products	145
10	law of supply	145
11	statement of law	146
12	explanation of law	146
13	supply curve	146
14	assumptions underlying the law of supply	147
15	cost of production is unchanged	147
16	no change in techniques of production	147
17	fixed scale of production	147
18	government policies are unchanged	147
19	no change in transport cost	148
20	no speculation	148
21	the price of other goods are held constant	148
22	exceptions to the law of the supply- Backward-sloping supply curve	149
23	expansion and contraction in supply	150
24	increase and decrease in supply	151
25	the causes of change in supply	151
26	cost of production	151
27	supply also depends on natural factors	152
28	change in techniques of production	152
29	government policies	152
30	development of transport	152
31	business combines	152
32	elasticity of supply	153
33	extreme cases	155
34	usual cases	156
35	measurement of elasticity of supply	157
36	point method	157
37	factor determining elasticity of supply	158
38	nature of the commodity	158
39	levels of technology	159
40	tile element	159
41	scale of production	159
42	size of the firm and number of products produced	160
43	natural factors	160
44	mobility of factors	160
	unit 7: Production and costs-I
1	production function	166
2	law of variable proportion	166
3	law of return to scale	166
4	optimum combination of inputs	166
5	practical importance of production function	167
6	gives us an idea of the optimum level of the output and optimum employment of variable input	167
7	ells management the budget constraints increase in output	168
8	explains the degree of substitution and complementary of different factors of production	168
9	Endeavour to produce an upward shift in production function	168
10	explain the possibility of disguised unemployment	168
11	study behavior of production function under different function	168
12	linear homogenous production function	169
13	law of variable proportion	170
14	total physical product	170
15	marginal product	170
16	average product	170
17	time periods	170
18	short run	171
19	long run	171
20	very long run	171
21	the law of diminishing returns or the law of variable proportion	173
22	assumption of law of variable proportion	174
23	explanation of law of diminish returns	174
24	average marginal relationship	175
25	three stages of law of variable proportions or diminishing returns	176
26	increasing return	177
27	diminishing return	177
28	negative return	177
29	explanation of various stages	177
30	increasing return	177
31	diminishing return	178
32	negative return	178
33	limitations of the law of diminishing return	179
34	new methods of cultivation	179
35	new soil	180
36	insufficient capital	180
37	application of the law of diminishing returns	180
38	returns to scale or laws of returns to scale	180
39	law of increasing returns to scale	181
40	law of constant returns to scale	182
41	law of diminishing returns to scale	182
42	economies and diseconomies of scale	182
43	diseconomies of small scale production	182
44	economies of scale	183
45	internal economies	183
46	technical economies	183
47	commercial economies	184
48	managerial economies	184
49	financial economies	185
50	risk and uncertainty	185
51	external economies	185
52	diseconomies of large scale production	186
53	internal and external diseconomies	187
54	internal diseconomies of large scale production	187
	unit 8:- production and costs-II
1	accounting costs	198
2	cost of input	198
3	economic costs	199
4	explicit cost	199
5	implicit cost	199
6	normal profit	199
7	opportunity cost	199
8	significance of opportunity cost	200
9	specific	201
10	factors are not homogeneous	201
11	wrong assumption	201
12	individual and special cost	201
13	explicit and implicit costs	203
14	explicit cost	203
15	implicit cost	203
16	normal profit as a cost	204
17	economic or pure profit	204
18	other production costs	205
19	fixed costs and variable cost	205
20	avoidable and unavoidable costs	206
21	incremental and sunk costs	206
22	common and traceable cost	207
23	historical and replacement cost	207
24	short run and long run cost	209
25	firm cost curves	209
26	short run cost curve	209
27	total fixed cost	210
28	total variable cost	210
29	total cost	210
30	average fixed cost	211
31	average cost of production	211
32	marginal cost	212
33	why short run average cost curves are u - shaped	212
34	determinants of costs	214
35	cost = f(I,O,P,T)	214
36	I= price of the input	215
37	o= rate of output	215
38	p= size of the plant	215
39	t= state of technology	215
40	cost - input relationship	215
41	c= f(La Kb Mc)	215
42	l= labour	215
43	K= capital	215
44	a= price of the labour	215
45	b= price of the capital	215
46	c=price of the material	215
47	cost output relationship	216
48	break even point: the traditional concept of equilibrium of a firm	218
	unit 9:- pricing and output determination under perfect competition
1	concept of market	226
2	national market	226
3	modern view	227
4	classification of market on the basis of nature of competition	228
5	pure and perfect competition	229
6	pure competition	229
7	large number of buyers and sellers	229
8	homogeneous products	229
9	free entry and free exit of firms	229
10	perfect competition	230
11	perfect knowledge	230
12	no discrimination	230
13	no cost of transportation	230
14	mobility of factors of production	230
15	automatic price mechanism	231
16	demand curve under perfect competition	232
17	working of price mechanism under perfect competition	233
18	general rule of price determination	233
19	change in equilibrium price	234
20	changes in demand	235
21	changes in supply	235
22	changes in demand and supply	236
23	laws of demand supply and price	237
24	Dr.Alfred Marshall's classification of market on the basis of time	238
25	market period	238
26	short- run	239
27	long run	240
28	equilibrium of firm and industry under perfect competition	243
29	concept of firm and industry	243
30	concept of equilibrium	243
31	equilibrium of firm	244
32	equilibrium of firm with marginal cost and marginal revenue method	244
33	equilibrium of firm under perfect competition	245
34	short run equilibrium	247
35	super normal profit	248
36	normal profit	248
37	losses	248
38	closing down production	249
39	long run equilibrium	250
40	equilibrium of industry	251
	unit 10:- imperfect competition
1	monopoly	258
2	pure and perfect monopoly	258
3	impure monopoly	258
4	features of simple or limited monopoly	258
5	single producer	258
6	no close substitute	258
7	barriers of entry of firms	259
8	demand curve under monopoly	259
9	distinction between perfect competition and monopoly	260
10	determination of price and output -equilibrium under monopoly	262
11	short run	262
12	normal profit	263
13	supernormal profit	263
14	long run equilibrium under monopoly	264
15	price discrimination under monopoly	266
16	what is price discrimination	266
17	when is price discrimination possible	266
18	legal sanction	267
19	nature of commodity	267
20	geographical barriers	267
21	ignorance of buyers	267
22	conditions of price discrimination	267
23	when is it profitable	268
24	conditions of equilibrium under price discrimination	268
25	equilibrium under discriminating monopoly	270
26	dumping	271
27	degrees of price discrimination	271
28	monopolistic competition features	273
29	fairly large number of firms	273
30	product differentiation	273
31	selling costs	274
32	price differences within a price range	274
33	elastic demand	274
34	price war	274
35	gift articles	275
36	unfair methods	275
37	determination of price and output under monopolistic competition	277
38	short run equilibrium under monopolistic competition	278
39	short run equilibrium under monopolistic competition :profit	278
40	losses under monopolistic competition	279
41	long run equilibrium under monopolistic competition	279
42	group equilibrium under monopolistic competition	280
43	the number of sellers is large and there is free entry and exit of firms	280
44	comparison of long run equilibrium under perfect competition and monopolistic competition	280
45	monopsony	282
46	oligopoly and duopoly	283
47	features of oligopoly	283
48	few sellers/ produces	283
49	U shaped	283
50	restrictions to entry	283
51	advertisement	284
52	price-control	284
53	demand curve under oligopoly/ duopoly	284
54	equilibrium under oligopoly	285
55	kinked demand curve	286
56	miscellaneous issues in monopolistic competition	289
57	selling costs	289
58	selling cost is U shaped	290
59	ASC decreases	290
60	economies of specialisation	290
61	economies of repetition	290
62	difficulties in trying to influence the buyers preference	291
63	counter- advertisement by competitors	291
64	factors influencing selling costs	291
65	type of product	291
66	introduction of new goods	291
67	technology changes	291
68	other factors	291
69	selling costs and the e demand- average revenue - curve of the firm	291
70	effect of selling cost on the price of the product	292
71	non-price competition	292
72	gift articles	293
73	crossword contest	293
74	wastes of monopolistic competition	294
75	selling costs	294
76	excess capacity	294
77	unemployment	295
78	cross transport	295
79	lack of specialisation	295
80	inefficiency	295
	unit 11:-pricing methods or pricing practices
1	full cost or cost plus pricing	302
2	inadequacies of cost pricing	303
3	justification of cost plus pricing	303
4	role of cost plus pricing	304
5	for product tailoring	304
6	for refusal pricing	304
7	for monopsony pricing	305
8	for public utility pricing	305
9	pricing of multiple products	305
10	opportunities to produce multiple products	305
11	excess capacity	306
12	seasonal variation	306
13	cyclical changes	306
14	secular shifts	306
15	vertical integration	306
16	research	307
17	policy of adding products	307
18	standards of profitability	307
19	product strategy	308
20	criteria for new products	308
21	policy of dropping products	309
22	cost of multiple product	310
23	jointness of products	310
24	allocation of variable overhead	310
25	going rate pricing	311
26	marginal cost pricing	312
27	some other approaches	314
28	intuitive pricing	314
29	experimental pricing	314
30	imitative pricing	315
31	some guidelines for fixation	316
32	single product pricing	316
33	pioneering price	316
34	skimming price	316
35	penetration price	316
36	price in maturity	316
37	cyclical price	317
38	backward cost pricing	317
39	refusal pricing	317
40	psychological consideration	317
41	product line pricing	318
42	alternative policies of price relationship	318
43	price that are proportional to full cost	318
44	the price that are proportional to incremental cost	318
45	price with profit margins proportion al to conversion costs	318
46	prices that produce contribution margins depend upon the elasticity of demand of different market segment	318
47	prices that are systematically related to the stage of the market and the competitive development of individual members of the product line	319
48	factors to be considered in pricing	319
49	demand relationship in the product line	319
50	competitive difference	320
51	cost estimates	320
52	some problem of product line pricing	320
53	pricing product that differ in size	320
54	pricing product that differ in quality	320
55	charm prices	321
56	pricing special design s	321
57	charging different prices at different times	321
58	pricing repair parts	321
59	pricing in public sector undertaking-PSU	322
60	responsibility for pricing	323
61	features of pricing in public enterprises	323
62	price policies of public enterprises in India	324
63	profit as the basis of price policy	324
64	no profit basis	325
65	import parity price	325
66	guidelines on pricing policy	325
67	pricing in co-operative societies	326
68	cost based pricing	327
69	subsidized pricing	327
70	demand based pricing	327
71	competitive pricing	327
	unit 12:-cost benefit analysis
1	public goods vs. private goods	336
2	product divisibility	336
3	externalities	338
4	market external effects	339
5	non- market- external effects	339
6	marginal cost	340
7	average cost	340
8	impure public goods	340
9	steps in cost benefit analysis	341
10	identification of a project	341
11	formulation of the project	342
12	appraisal and selection of the project	342
13	comparison of cash-flow	342
14	selection and implementation	342
15	mid term project evaluation	343
16	justification of the use of cost benefit analysis	343
17	social costs and benefits	343
18	intangible factors	344
19	overall profitability	344
20	certain uncertainty vs. uncertain certainty	344
21	social scale of preference	344
22	national industrial policy	345
23	future disposable value	345
24	unforeseen circumstances	345
25	cost benefit analysis: private and social	346
26	Private vs. social goals	347
27	partial contradiction between interest	347
28	valuation of costs and benefits	348
29	methods of valuation	349
30	marginal social damage	350
31	marginal private damage	350
32	marginal cost of abatement	350
33	policies to reconcile private and public costs and benefits	351
34	private action providing correctives	351
35	negotiation	351
36	liability rules	352
37	government action	352
38	externality taxes	353
39	cost benefit analysis and overall resource allocation	354
40	correctives for chock and disturbances	354
41	speeding up the pace of the economy	354
42	weeding out economic evils	354
43	structural changes in the economy	355
44	fine tuning of the economy	355
45	cost benefit considerations at the macro level	355
46	production possibility curve	356
47	advantages of cost -benefit analysis	357
48	limitations	358
49	overall resource allocation - market mechanism	359
50	assumption of market or price mechanism	360
51	criticism of market or price mechanism	360
52	foundations of market system of economy	361
53	individual , the best judge of self -interest	361
54	consumers sovereignty	362
55	freely fluctuating price mechanism	362
56	private enterprises	362
57	private profit motive	362
58	institution of private property	363
59	existence of cooperation	363
60	harmony between individual interests and interests of the community	363
61	no interference by the state- Laissez Faire	363
	unit 13:- macro economic analysis
1	J.M Keynes	370
2	General theory of employment, interest and money	370
3	importance of macro-economic studies	371
4	empirical evidences	371
5	policy -orientation	371
6	national income	371
7	income and employment theory and monetary theory	371
8	dynamic science	371
9	Keynesian macro-economic theory	372
10	full employment	373
11	determination causes solution	373
12	basis assumption of the theory	373
13	short run equilibrium	373
14	technology stock of capital	373
15	perfect competition	373
16	increasing costs	373
17	closed economy	374
18	government	374
19	effective demand	374
20	aggregate supply function	374
21	aggregate demand function	374
22	concept of effective demand	374
23	deficient aggregate demand	375
24	aggregate supply function	376
25	aggregate supply schedule	376
26	aggregate demand function	377
27	aggregate demand schedule	378
28	autonomous consumptions	380
29	determination of equilibrium level of output/employment	380
30	effective demand	380
31	cost of production	380
32	revenue	380
33	determination of equilibrium at less than full employment	382
34	importance of aggregate demand function	383
35	consumption demand	383
36	investment demand	383
37	fiscal policy measures	383
38	Keynesian remedy to unemployment: government intervention	385
39	fiscal policy measures	385
40	consumption function	386
41	investment function	386
42	marginal efficiency of capital	386
43	rate of interest	386
44	liquidity preference	387
45	quantity of money supply	387
46	transactions motive	388
47	precautionary motive	388
48	speculative emotive	388
49	business fluctuations	389
50	definitions of business or trade cycle	390
51	phases of business cycle	390
52	line of cycle	390
53	prosperity: expansion and peak	392
54	Turning point and recession	393
55	depression and trough	393
56	recovery or revival	395
57	inflation	396
58	Prof. Samuelson	396
59	causes of inflation	397
60	increase in public expenditure	398
61	increase in private expenditure	398
62	increase in foreign demand	398
63	reduction in taxation	399
64	repayment of internal debts	399
65	changes in expectations	399
66	factors from supply side	399
67	scarcity of factors of production	399
68	bottlenecks	400
69	natural calamities	400
70	hoarding by merchants	400
71	rise in costs	401
72	consequences of inflation	402
73	effects on production	402
74	through investment	402
75	switchover of business	402
76	uncertainty	403
77	change in composition of production	403
78	poor quality of output	403
79	public unrest	403
80	distortion of price	403
81	effect on distribution	404
82	creditor and debtor	404
83	wage and salary earners	404
84	entrepreneurs as a class	404
85	investors as a class	404
86	farmers	405
87	other consequences	405
88	financial institutions	405
89	foreign trade	405
90	price structure	405
91	reduction in development expenditure	405
91	effect on currency	406
92	non -economical effects	406
93	macro policies	407
94	full employment	407
95	economic stabilization	408
96	fiscal policies	408
97	monetary policy	409
	unit 14:- government and private business
1	value added tax	420
2	need for government intervention	421
3	shortcomings of market system/ limitations or defect of market system	421
4	inequalities of income and wealth	421
5	emergence of monopolies	421
6	competitive monopoly	421
7	failure to provide full employment	422
8	instability	422
9	wastages of market economy	423
10	overproduction	424
11	underproduction	424
12	indifference to and sacrifice to social welfare	425
13	poverty in the midst of plenty	425
14	undesirable psychological and social effects	426
15	exploitation of backward countries and world rivalry	426
16	causes of rise in price in India	428
17	demand pull factors	428
18	mounting government expenditure	428
19	non plan and plan expenditure	428
20	deficit financing and increase in money supply	428
21	role of black money	429
22	uncontrolled growth of population	429
23	cost- push factors	429
24	fluctuations in output and supply	430
25	taxation as a factor in rising costs	430
26	administered pricing	430
27	hike in oil prices and global inflation	430
28	other factors	431
29	causes of inflationary pressure in the 90's and after 2000	431
30	higher fiscal deficit	431
31	sharp reserve money	431
32	supply demand imbalances	431
33	price controls in India	432
34	demand management	432
35	fiscal measures	432
36	revenue deficit	432
37	fiscal deficit	432
38	monetary measures	433
39	supply management	434
40	fixation of maximum prices	434
41	the system of dual prices	435
42	increase in supplies of food grains	435
43	problem of oilseeds and edible oils	435
44	public distribution system-PDS and consumer protection	435
45	control over private trade in food grains	435
46	other relevant measures by government of India to control inflation	436
47	direct government role	436
48	administered prices	436
49	the system of dual prices	437
50	support/procurement prices	437
51	public distribution system	439
52	rationale of PDS	439
53	supplies to the public distribution system	439
54	protection of consumer interests	441
55	countervailing power	441
56	consumer protection Act,1986	441
57	protection from hazardous commodities	441
58	right to information	441
59	right to competitive price	441
60	right to be heard	441
61	right to information regarding protection	442
62	consumer protection Act	442
63	sales of goods act	442
64	Indian contract act	442
65	negotiable instrument act	442
66	banking regulation act	442
67	companies act	442
68	the new industrial policy 1991	444
69	industrial licensing policy	444
70	industrial licensing is compulsory for	445
71	list of industries to be reserved of the public sector	445
72	foreign investment	446
73	foreign technology	446
74	public sector policy	447
75	MRTP Act	448
76	BIFR	448
77	DE-reservation -further liberalization	448
78	economic liberalization	450
79	the process of disinvestment: needs and methods	454
80	need for disinvestment	454
81	phased privatization	454
82	professionalism	454
83	reducing deficits	454
84	reallocation of resources	455
85	capital support to plans	455
86	substitute for taxation	455
87	methods of disinvestment	455
88	partial transfer of ownership	455
89	total denationalization	456
90	liquidation	456
91	management buy-out	457
92	disinvestment without privatization	457
93	methods of implementation	457
94	sale of stocks and allotment	458
95	negotiating joint ownership	458
96	open auction	458
97	informal approach	458
98	pre-planned transfer	458
99	systematic denationalization	459
100	liquidation	459
101	disinvestment of public sector shareholding-Indian experience	460
102	disinvestment of PSU shares	460
103	IPCL BALCO ITDC	461
104	Indian airlines	462